King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.[2] The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.
The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).[4] Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.[5] How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.
Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.
The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars. One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons sometime in the late 5th to early 6th century. The first datable mention of King Arthur is in a 9th-century Latin text. The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, lists twelve battles that Arthur fought. These culminate in the Battle of Mons Badonicus, or Mount Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. Recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum.
The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, which also link Arthur with the Battle of Mount Badon. The Annales date this battle to 516–518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut (Mordred) were both killed, dated to 537–539. These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Mount Badon. Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum's account. The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. The Mount Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum.
This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain. In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, "at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur [but ...] the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him".[8] These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical. Historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland, The Age of Arthur (1973). Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur.
Partly in reaction to such theories, another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all. Morris's Age of Arthur prompted archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that "no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time".[10] Gildas' 6th-century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), written within living memory of Mount Badon, mentions the battle but does not mention Arthur.[11] Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820.[12] He is absent from Bede's early-8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People, another major early source for post-Roman history that mentions Mount Badon.[13] Historian David Dumville has written: "I think we can dispose of him [Arthur] quite briefly. He owes his place in our history books to a 'no smoke without fire' school of thought ... The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur; we must reject him from our histories and, above all, from the titles of our books."
Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore—or even a half-forgotten Celtic deity—who became credited with real deeds in the distant past. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish totemic horse-gods Hengest and Horsa, who later became historicised. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain.[15] It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts. Neither the Historia nor the Annales calls him "rex": the former calls him instead "dux bellorum" (leader of battles) and "miles" (soldier).
Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce, so a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely. Sites and places have been identified as "Arthurian" since the 12th century,[17] but archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in secure contexts. The so-called "Arthur stone", discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th-century contexts, created a brief stir but proved irrelevant.[18] Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur, including the Glastonbury cross, is tainted with the suggestion of forgery.[19] Although several historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur,[20] no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged.
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King Arthur legendary - Part 2
The origin of the name Arthur remains a matter of debate. Some suggest it is derived from the Roman nomen gentile (family name) Artōrius, of obscure and contested etymology (but possibly of Messapic or Etruscan origin). Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur, or Arturus, in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius (though it should be noted that Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). However, this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur, as Artōrius would regularly become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh.
Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym *Arto-rīg-ios (the root of which, *arto-rīg- "bear-king" is to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art-ri) via a Latinized form Artōrius.[29] Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic); there are phonological difficulties with this theory—notably that a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr and not Arthur (in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in -ur - never words ending in -wr - which confirms that the second element cannot be [g]wr "man").
An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars,[32] derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Boötes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear. Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the "guardian of the bear" (which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and the "leader" of the other stars in Boötes.
A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr, which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.[34] The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin (d. AD 609).
Medieval literary traditions
The creator of the familiar literary persona of Arthur was Geoffrey of Monmouth, with his pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), written in the 1130s. The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia (known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence (Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts).
Pre-Galfridian traditions:
The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources. There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole, rather than in a single text or text/story-type. One recent academic survey that does attempt this, by Thomas Green, identifies three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material.[36] The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster-hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants and witches.[37] The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore (particularly topographic or onomastic folklore) and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.[38] The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. On the other, his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods, and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin.[39]
One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin (The Gododdin), attributed to the 6th-century poet Aneirin. In one stanza, the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies is praised, but it is then noted that despite this "he was no Arthur", that is to say his feats cannot compare to the valour of Arthur.[40] Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th-century manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation, but John Koch's view that the passage dates from a 7th-century or earlier version is regarded as unproven; 9th- or 10th-century dates are often proposed for it.[41] Several poems attributed to Taliesin, a poet said to have lived in the 6th century, also refer to Arthur, although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries.[42] They include "Kadeir Teyrnon" ("The Chair of the Prince"),[43] which refers to "Arthur the Blessed", "Preiddeu Annwn" ("The Spoils of Annwn"),[44] which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld, and "Marwnat vthyr pen[dragon]" ("The Elegy of Uther Pen[dragon]"),[45] which refers to Arthur's valour and is suggestive of a father-son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth.
Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, "Pa gur yv y porthaur?" ("What man is the gatekeeper?").[46] This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter, in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men, notably Cei (Kay) and Bedwyr (Bedivere). The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100), included in the modern Mabinogion collection, has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur's men, though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy(n)t.[47] Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall. The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions, but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions. Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with "Arthur's Court" sometimes substituted for "The Island of Britain" in the formula "Three XXX of the Island of Britain".[48] While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, "Chief of the Lords of this Island", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.[49]
In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. In particular, Arthur features in a number of well-known vitae ("Lives") of post-Roman saints, none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources (the earliest probably dates from the 11th century).[50] According to the Life of Saint Gildas, written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur is said to have killed Gildas' brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury.[51] In the Life of Saint Cadoc, written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan, the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men. Cadoc delivers them as demanded, but when Arthur takes possession of the animals, they turn into bundles of ferns.[52] Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog, Padarn and Eufflam, probably written around the 12th century. A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century.[53] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore.
Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym *Arto-rīg-ios (the root of which, *arto-rīg- "bear-king" is to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art-ri) via a Latinized form Artōrius.[29] Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic); there are phonological difficulties with this theory—notably that a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr and not Arthur (in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in -ur - never words ending in -wr - which confirms that the second element cannot be [g]wr "man").
An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars,[32] derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Boötes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear. Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the "guardian of the bear" (which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and the "leader" of the other stars in Boötes.
A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr, which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.[34] The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin (d. AD 609).
Medieval literary traditions
The creator of the familiar literary persona of Arthur was Geoffrey of Monmouth, with his pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), written in the 1130s. The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia (known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence (Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts).
Pre-Galfridian traditions:
The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources. There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole, rather than in a single text or text/story-type. One recent academic survey that does attempt this, by Thomas Green, identifies three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material.[36] The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster-hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants and witches.[37] The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore (particularly topographic or onomastic folklore) and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.[38] The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. On the other, his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods, and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin.[39]
One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin (The Gododdin), attributed to the 6th-century poet Aneirin. In one stanza, the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies is praised, but it is then noted that despite this "he was no Arthur", that is to say his feats cannot compare to the valour of Arthur.[40] Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th-century manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation, but John Koch's view that the passage dates from a 7th-century or earlier version is regarded as unproven; 9th- or 10th-century dates are often proposed for it.[41] Several poems attributed to Taliesin, a poet said to have lived in the 6th century, also refer to Arthur, although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries.[42] They include "Kadeir Teyrnon" ("The Chair of the Prince"),[43] which refers to "Arthur the Blessed", "Preiddeu Annwn" ("The Spoils of Annwn"),[44] which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld, and "Marwnat vthyr pen[dragon]" ("The Elegy of Uther Pen[dragon]"),[45] which refers to Arthur's valour and is suggestive of a father-son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth.
Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, "Pa gur yv y porthaur?" ("What man is the gatekeeper?").[46] This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter, in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men, notably Cei (Kay) and Bedwyr (Bedivere). The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100), included in the modern Mabinogion collection, has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur's men, though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy(n)t.[47] Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall. The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions, but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions. Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with "Arthur's Court" sometimes substituted for "The Island of Britain" in the formula "Three XXX of the Island of Britain".[48] While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, "Chief of the Lords of this Island", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.[49]
In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. In particular, Arthur features in a number of well-known vitae ("Lives") of post-Roman saints, none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources (the earliest probably dates from the 11th century).[50] According to the Life of Saint Gildas, written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur is said to have killed Gildas' brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury.[51] In the Life of Saint Cadoc, written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan, the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men. Cadoc delivers them as demanded, but when Arthur takes possession of the animals, they turn into bundles of ferns.[52] Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog, Padarn and Eufflam, probably written around the 12th century. A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century.[53] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore.
Study in UK - Uk College List
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Abbey College (Birmingham, Cambridge, London, Manchester)
http://www.abbeycolleges.co.uk/
Albion College – London
http://www.albioncollege.com
College of Agriculture, Food & Rural Enterprise
http://www.cafre.ac.uk/
Anglo European College of Chiropractic
http://www.aecc.ac.uk/international/
The Arts University College at Bournemouth
http://www.aucb.ac.uk/international.aspx
Barking and Dagenham College
http://www.barkingcollege.ac.uk
Barony College
http://www.barony.ac.uk/index.php?page=international-students
Basingstoke College of Technology
http://www.bcot.ac.uk/international/
Bell Educational Trust (Berkshire, Cambridge, Kent, London, Oxford)
http://www.bell-worldwide.com/default.asp
Bell International English Language Centre
http://www.bell-centres.com
Bedford College
http://www.bedford.ac.uk/
Bellerbys College (Brighton, Cambridge, Oxford, London)
http://www.bellerbys.com/english/index.aspx
Birmingham Metropolitan College
http://www.bmetc.ac.uk/international.aspx
Brighton and Sussex Medical School
http://www.bsms.ac.uk/undergraduate/international/index.php
Bristol Filton College
http://www.filton.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=20
British College of Osteopathic Medicine – London
http://www.bcom.ac.uk/
British School of Osteopathy – London
http://www.bso.ac.uk
British Study Centres (Bournemouth, Brighton, London, Oxford)
http://www.british-study.com/
Brooklands College
http://www.brooklands.ac.uk/International.asp
Brooksby Melton College
http://www.brooksbymelton.ac.uk/international
Cambridge Education Group
http://www.ceg-uk.com/
Cambridge Ruskin International College (CRIC)
http://cric-uk.co.uk/
Cambridge School of Visual and Performing Arts
http://www.csvpa.com/
Castle College Nottingham
http://www.castlecollege.ac.uk/international/
CATS College (Cambridge, Canterbury, London)
http://www.catscollege.com/
Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London
http://www.cssd.ac.uk/content/central-international
Coleg Sir Gar/Carmarthenshire College
http://www.colegsirgar.ac.uk/
College of Central London
http://www.central-college.com/
Chichester College
http://www.chichester.ac.uk/International/Tell-me-about-Chichester/World-Class-Student-Support/
Doncaster College
http://www.don.ac.uk/international_students.aspx
Duchy College
http://www.cornwall.ac.uk/duchy/index.php?page=_Home&tab=5
Dudley College of Technology
http://www.dudleycol.ac.uk/
Easton College
http://www.easton-college.ac.uk/
East Surrey College
http://www.esc.ac.uk/
Edinburgh College of Art
http://www.eca.ac.uk/international
English Time
http://www.englishtime.com/en_main.php
European Business School – London
http://www.ebslondon.ac.uk/
European School of Economics – London
http://www.eselondon.ac.uk/
European School of Osteopathy
http://www.eso.ac.uk/
Greenwich School of Management – London
http://www.greenwich-college.ac.uk/international.asp
Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education
http://www.grimsby.ac.uk/International-Students/
Guildford College of Further and Higher Education
http://www.guildford.ac.uk/International/
Havering College of Further and Higher Education
http://www.havering-college.ac.uk/international-students.aspx
Hereford College of Arts
http://www.hca.ac.uk/
Highbury College
http://www.highbury.ac.uk/client/content.asp?Contentid=226
Hertfordshire International College of Business and Technology (HIBT)
http://www.hibt.uk.com/
Henley College
http://www.henley-cov.ac.uk/international/
Heythrop College (University of London)
http://www.heythrop.ac.uk/
Holborn College – London
http://www.holborncollege.ac.uk/
Hopwood Hall College
http://www.hopwood.ac.uk/default.aspx
Hove College
http://www.hovecollege.co.uk/
Huddersfield New College
http://www.huddnewcoll.ac.uk/
Hull College
http://international.hull-college.ac.uk/
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| 12 months | Diploma in Business Psychology | (Level 4) |
| 24 months | Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Management & Psychology (BA) | (Level 6) |
| 18 months | Heriot-Watt University Master's Degree in Business Psychology (MSc.) | (Level 7) |
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSES
| Duration | Name | NQF level |
|---|---|---|
| 12 months | SQA Diploma in Business & Information Technology | (Level 4) |
| 2 years | Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and Information Technology | (Level 6) |
HOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
| Duration | Name | NQF level |
|---|---|---|
| 12 months | SQA Diploma in Hospitality & Tourism Management | (Level 4) |
| 2 years | Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Hospitality & Tourism Management (BA) | (Level 6) |
FASHION DESIGN COURSES
| Duration | Name | NQF level |
|---|---|---|
| 1 year | Diploma in Fashion Design | (Level 4) |
| 2 years | Heriot-Watt University BA in Fashion | (Level 6) |
ENGLISH LANGUAGE COURSES
| Duration | Name | NQF level |
|---|---|---|
| 3 months | Pre-sessional English (3 Months) | - |
| 6 months | Pre-sessional English (6 Months) |
There are a number of ways you can apply to the College and your geographical location, your nationality, and the time available before your chosen course begins are all important considerations when deciding which method to use.
The College Registry is very flexible and will try to help you whatever your circumstances. Acceptance documentation is sent by email, usually within 24 hours of the Registry receiving your application.
Submitting an application form.
IN PERSON:
If you are in or near London the best method is to come into the College and apply in person and benefit from help and advice from one of our friendly course advisors. In most cases we will be able to give you an instant decision on your applcation and you will be able to leave the College with an Offer Letter. You do not need an appointment to see a Course Advisor. The College is open 9am to 6pm Monday to Friday (except Public Holidays) and you are welcome to visit at any time during these hours.BY EMAIL, FAX OR POST:
If you are far from London (or overseas) you may prefer to send us your completed Application Form. To do this you will need to download one of the application forms belowNOTE: If you are having difficulty viewing these application forms in your web browser please right click on the links above and select from the download/save options which appear in the pop-up menu. You should then be able to save a copy of the PDF application form to your computer. If using a Mac without right click enabled use ctrl + click. Most modern computers are already able to open PDF files but you may need to download and install Adobe Acrobat Reader.
If possible you should send copies of your qualifications with your Application Form, but if you are unable to do this, perhaps because you are waiting for examination results, you can still submit the form.
All the instructions are on the Application Form.
ONLINE:
The College has an online application process that you are welcome to use by clicking hereWith an online application you will receive a Conditional Offer because the online process does not allow you to submit your qualifications, only to tell us what they are, so you need to send your qualifications to us later.
Why Study in UK
You will get a world-class qualification
UK qualifications are recognized and respected throughout the world. Your UK qualification will be a solid foundation for building your future, boosting your career and prospects for a higher salary. UK universities, colleges and schools will provide a vibrant, creative and challenging environment in which you can develop your potential. Quality standards for UK institutions are among the best in the world. Universities, colleges and schools continually have to prove that their courses meet strict cUK qualifications are recognized and respected throughout the world. Your UK qualification will be a solid foundation for building your future, boosting your career and prospects for a higher salary. UK universities, colleges and schools will provide a vibrant, creative and challenging environment in which you can develop your potential. Quality standards for UK institutions are among the best in the world. Universities, colleges and schools continually have to prove that their courses meet strict criteria. Many other countries are now trying to follow the example of the UK .
You will get the skill you'll need for the global market
In an increasingly globalizing world economy, people need special skills and qualities to succeed. Employers want employees who can think effectively, creatively and work smart for themselves. This is an essential part of the UK learning experience. Institutions use a variety of teaching and assessment methods to encourage independence, as well as mastery of the subject. At degree and postgraduate level in particular, students are encouraged to study widely, to question and analyze what they have read, and to discuss openly their own ideas in seminars and tutorials. Career based courses are designed to equip you for specific roles in the modern world of work.
Whatever your educational needs, the UK can meet them
The sheer variety of specialized course means you will be able to find a course that suits your real interests, your ambitions and passions. For example, in the UK, you could specialize in anything from computer APL programming to games programming, ocean engineering, music technology, meteorology or underwater photography to multimedia design, anthropology, women's studies, hotel management or dance.
It has an exciting, fun culture
The UK is a cosmopolitan place to live & multicultural society, where students of all backgrounds are welcomed, and their involvement in local communities is valued. Many thousands of families from around the world have made the UK their home, creating a richly diverse, open-minded, multicultural society. There are also more than a quarter of a million international students in the UK at any one time. UK people like to get together and enjoy themselves. Theatres, concerts and art galleries can be found in all large towns and cities; big sports events take place every weekend; pubs and restaurants are everywhere.
It's an affordable option
UK degrees takes only three years and postgraduate Master's courses take only one year - compared with four years and two years in most other countries. This means you will save a great deal on both tuition fees and living costs - and you will be able to start working and earning much sooner. UK degree courses are shorter because they are more intensive, and therefore more efficient in terms of your time and money.
Health care is often free for international students
You are likely to be able to take advantage of National Health Service (NHS) treatment, as well as reduced-cost medicines, dental treatment and eye tests. Find out whether you are entitled to NHS care.
You'll get a warm welcome
The UK has been welcoming international students generations. It has long experience looking after your needs, and will give you special support from the moment you apply and throughout your time in the UK. Airport pickup & accommodation facilities are guaranteed.
International culture
All major world religions are represented: mosques, Hindu places of worship and Sikh temples can be seen alongside a whole range of Christian churches. Many languages are represented as well. The most widely spoken Bangladeshn language in the UK is Hindi, Punjabi, followed by Urdu, etc. All this diversity means that, when you come to the UK, you will find it easy to settle in and integrate. And you will also develop an enhanced understanding of different cultures by meeting others from an enormous variety of religious and national backgrounds. International bookshops stock books and newspapers from all over the world are available, which can help you update information & informs about what is happening at home.
List of Uk Universities and Colleges
Colleges:
- Fulham & Chelsea College (Web: www.fccollege.co.uk)
- CITEC London (Web: www.citeclondon.co.uk)
- Meridian Business School London (Web: www.mbslondon.co.uk)
- Oxford College London (Web: www.oxfordcollegeoflondon.com)
- Redwick United College (www.redwickunitedcollege.co.uk)
- Bellerbys College (www.bellerbys.com)
Institutes:
- Plymouth Devon International College (PDIC) (Web: www.pdic-uk.co.uk)
- London International College of Business and Technology (LIBT) (Web:www.libt.navitas.com)
- International College Portsmouth (Web: www.port.ac.uk/icp)
- London College of Social Studies (www.lcss.eu)
Universities:
- University of Plymouth (Web: www.plymouth.ac.uk)
- Brunel University (Web: www.brunel.ac.uk)
- Kingston University (Web : www.kingstone.ac.uk.)
- Bucks New University (www.bucks.ac.uk, www.bucks.ac.uk/international)
- University of Bedfordshire www.beds.ac.uk/
- University of Greenwich www.gre.ac.uk/
Study Group Universities:
- Heriot-Watt University (Web: www.hw.ac.uk)
- University of Huddersfield (Web: www.hud.ac.uk)
- Keele University (Web: www.keele.ac.uk)
- Lancaster University (Web: www.lancs.ac.uk)
- University of Leicester (Web: www.le.ac.uk)
- Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) (Web: www.livjm.ac.uk)
- University of Stirling (Web: www.external.stir.ac.uk)
- University of Surrey (Web: www.surrey.ac.uk)
- University of Sussex (Web: www.sussex.ac.uk)
- Wales International Study center (Web: www.studygroup.com/isc/wales)
Start your search for Bachelors here
BACHELOR POINT
MOST POPULAR STUDIES
Law
Law regulates almost all aspects in our life and is therefore of direct interest to all of us. If you like working with text, are able to think logical and enjoy problem solving this might be the right choice for you.Engineering & Technology
Engineering is for creators with an interest in technology and development. Engineering degrees can lead to a vast number of career opportunities, with graduates in demand in almost every sector of the economy. Therefore the demand for good new engineers is high – worldwide.Life Sciences, Medicine & Health
Studying life sciences encompasses all fields of science that involve the scientific study of living organisms like plants, animals, and human beings. No matter if you want to become a doctor, work in research or within an organisation, the desire to help others and improve things is essential.Student Visa Guide Line - Study in UK
For student visa, applications should be submitted at the UK Visa Application Centers (VAC) in Dhaka, Sylhet, and Chittagong run by VFS Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. Address of VAC
VAC Dhaka Office
Saimon Centre, 1st floor
Gulshan Commercial Area
Road # 22, House # 4A
Dhaka 1212
Office timing
Sunday-Wednesday: 08:00-13:00, 14:00-16:00
Thursday: 08:00-14:30
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 8851988, 8851987-9
Fax: 8851989
E-mail: info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com
VAC Sylhet Office
Garden Towers, 1st Floor
Shahjalal Bridgelink Road
Sylhet 3100
Office timings
Sunday-Thursday: 08:00-13:00 (Submission)
14:00-16:00 (Passport Collection)
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 0821-810117 ( 08:00-13:00)
Fax : 0821-810118
E-mail: info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com
VAC Chittagong Office
Chamber House, 4th Floor
38 Agrabad C/A, Chittagong.
Office timing
Sunday-Thursday: 08:00-14:30
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 031-2511210
E-mail: info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com
Visa Fees:
1. For student visa you have to pay Tk 14355, in favour of "British High Commission".
2. All visa fees will need to be paid (Bank Drafts) at designated branches of BRAC Bank Ltd.
3. Applicants will be given a receipt (which will be valid for 30 days from the next working day).
4. The receipt should then be submitted with an application form to one of the Visa Application Center (VAC) or the British High Commission's commercial partner VFS Center
Finger Scans & Photograph For Visa
All persons applying for UK visas, irrespective of nationality, will have to apply in person to one of the VACs to have their finger scans and digital photograph taken.
Photography Specification:
1. One recent, passport-sized (45mm x 35mm), colour photograph. The photograph should be:
a. Taken against a light coloured (white, off-white etc.) background
b. Clear and of good quality and not framed or backed
c. Printed on normal photographic paper
d. Full face without sunglasses, hat or other head covering unless for cultural or religious reasons
You have to submit the following supporting documents:
1. Visa Application Form >VAF 32. A passport with at least 6 months validity. There must have visa pages to paste the visa document. You can also submit your old passport, if available.
3. One passport sized photograph. This must not be more than 6 months old. Please see photography specification described above.
4. The appropriate visa fee.
5. Evidence to support the information you have given (see below for more details)
6. Unless single, please provide evidence of your marital status e.g. marriage or civil partnership certificate
7. Acceptance letter from university/college in the UK. In this letter there must have the following information
a. Start and end date of the course
b. How many hours to study per week.
c. Accommodation and its cost information.
d. Tuition fee of this course.
8. Evidence of any previous study or qualifications gained in the UK.
9. Evidence of any English language qualifications e.g. IELTS or TOEFL.
10. Evidence of previous education history.
11. Evidence of the cost of your course fees
12. Evidence of any funds set aside by your financial sponsors specifically to pay for your study
13. Evidence of your financial sponsor’s occupation, income and any savings or assets they have
14. Dependant of a Student
15. Evidence of your sponsor’s permission to live in the UK
16. Evidence of the course of study your sponsor is doing or is going to do in the UK
17. Finances and employment
18. Evidence of your current employment/self employment/occupation/work
19 Evidence of your total monthly income from all sources of employment or occupation after tax
20. Evidence of any income from other sources e.g. friends, family, savings, property etc
21. Evidence of any job offers you have
22. Evidence of ability to pay for course.
Source of Information: 1.British High Commission Website
UK Visa Website
U.K Student Visa Interview Questions And Answers
After you have submitted your visa application you will get an interview letter or telephone call from one of the U.K embassy in your country I am assuming your home country is Pakistan because this information is based on my personal experience and feedback from friends those applied for student visa and had been succeed.
Please read all the questions and asnwers and write them on a copy and edit with your situation its not neccessery that all the questional will be hunderet percent will asked in same manners and same formation but after learning this questions and answers you will have clear scenirio of a tipical Interview for U.K student Visa.
Do you need interpreter?
No Thanks
Are you ready for interview?
Yes Off course
Why did you choose this institute and how did you find about it?
The institute is providing one of the best courses in UK and its fee is reasonable, complete study atmosphere and specially its staff that is highly qualified. After surfing the net and consult with different consultants I chose this college for my studies.
Why did you select this course? Is it relevant to your previous studies?
This course will lead me towards the best opportunities of my life I mean to achieve my goals in life. Yes this course is exactly related to my previous studies.
Can you tell me the location of the university/college?
Yes.. Tell the full address of your university/college
Why did you select UK for higher studies? Isn't this course offered by any university or college in Bangladesh?
UK education system is one of the best across the globe. UK education system has high influence in our education system. We are far behind in research and advancement in any field of life especially in education. Second we find complete study atmosphere in UK, which is not available in Pakistan.
What if you get a UK degree here, would you like to go to UK again for higher Studies?
Even then I will go to UK because of standard of education and complete study atmosphere and the multicultural learing experience.
What course are you going for?
Tell the course name and you should have remembered the subjects in the course too his/her second question may be about the course subjects.
What is the scope of your course?
The course I chose will open new horizons for me and there are high job prospects in multinational firms at local and international level and after i will achieved this degree it will give me great satisfaction in my educational life and enhanced my career.
Why are you taking this course?
Because this course is exactly related to my previous studies/ Experience
What is the course structure?
Tell the course subjects modules and semester all this information comes in the prospectus of your applied university/college so read the prospectus and memorised the subject and all the related information for your course
What are the course contents?
same question and almost the same answer as mentioned above.
Do you intend to work in UK after completion of your studies?
I am intending to join further education after this course
Note: if you got admission in B.S.c or equivalent programme then you can go further for masters programme and if the course is master then you can say whatever the further course mentioned in the prospects or you could say I would like to come back and work in my home country.
What do you intend to you after completion of your studies?
I will come back and will join any multinational firm
or start my own business.
What is you future plans?
To join any multinational firm or start my own business or further education
What benefit will bring this course to you?
After completion of this course, I will come back and join any reputed firm, which offer attractive packages. I will be leading in big job market, I am sure I will get an excellent job in any reputed firm otherwise I will start my own business.
How much money can you earn after your completion of studies?
30000-35000 per month approximately.
Where will you stay in UK?
I will stay in university/college hostel
Note: You should have got a letter from the university/college to address that they have hostel or private accommodation service.
Who is your sponsor?
You may sponsor your self or a attested letter from your parents/uncle/aunt or any person who is providing the financial support for your education
What proof do you have that your sponsor can support your studies?
It is the bank statement of your sponsor showing enough money in it such as 25-30 lack PAK rupees or equivalent to £20000-£30000.
Source of income of your sponsor?
The letter from the chamber of commerce that your sponsor got a company listed in the country or letter showing that he has a excellent job and earring its better to use a business company letter.
How are you related to him?
Your relationship to sponsor such this relation could be father/uncle/aunt/brother/
uncle can be from parental side of family or maternal side of the family.
How many people are his/her dependents?
Such as he/she got son/ daughter etc.
Note: if he/she got dependents you should prove that he/she can afford you with the dependents
Why is he sponsoring you? (if not father)
If he/she uncle or aunt from parental side or maternal side you should explain why he/she willing to sponsor such as your father or mother was so closed with your sponsor and they helped him/her when he/she was young and trying to establish business or you could say after your completion of degree you will be working with him/or her to take the business for next level by your new skills and expertise which you will get in U.K by studding.
Do you have any relative or friend in UK?
Yes if you have any one in U.K but better say Not really
What does your father do?
Tell him/her whatever is your father occupation
Note: if your father doing better job or business than your sponsor they can ask you why not your father sponsoring for your study......
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
Tell them about your brother/sister
Note: if it seems your family has too many people and no very established it my affect your case so explain them they have finished their studies and they are married and living with their family and doing job or business and they are well settled (if you have brother and sister elder then you if they are younger then you could tell about the education whatever they doing.
What is the course commencement date?
You should know about the course starting date and you should have enough time to join the course if not then a letter from the university/college that you can join th later semester if you miss this one.
What will be the total cost of per year?
The tuition fee and approximate living expenses this information written in the admission letter which you got from the university/college
What will you do during the off period/semester?
I will come back to see my family and friends
How much money is available for your stay in UK?
You should know the amount on the bank statement of your sponsor so you could tell how much money you have for your education.
Have you researched your career prospects?
Off course. I have planned to choose any reputed multinational firm where I could learn more and more. Second at that time possibly there will be competition in jobs, if I fail to get any good job then I have plan to start my own business.
Note:
this answer should match your previous answers
Please read all the questions and asnwers and write them on a copy and edit with your situation its not neccessery that all the questional will be hunderet percent will asked in same manners and same formation but after learning this questions and answers you will have clear scenirio of a tipical Interview for U.K student Visa.
INTERVIEW FOR THE STUDENT VISA OF UK.
Do you need interpreter?
No Thanks
Are you ready for interview?
Yes Off course
Why did you choose this institute and how did you find about it?
The institute is providing one of the best courses in UK and its fee is reasonable, complete study atmosphere and specially its staff that is highly qualified. After surfing the net and consult with different consultants I chose this college for my studies.
Why did you select this course? Is it relevant to your previous studies?
This course will lead me towards the best opportunities of my life I mean to achieve my goals in life. Yes this course is exactly related to my previous studies.
Can you tell me the location of the university/college?
Yes.. Tell the full address of your university/college
Why did you select UK for higher studies? Isn't this course offered by any university or college in Bangladesh?
UK education system is one of the best across the globe. UK education system has high influence in our education system. We are far behind in research and advancement in any field of life especially in education. Second we find complete study atmosphere in UK, which is not available in Pakistan.
What if you get a UK degree here, would you like to go to UK again for higher Studies?
Even then I will go to UK because of standard of education and complete study atmosphere and the multicultural learing experience.
What course are you going for?
Tell the course name and you should have remembered the subjects in the course too his/her second question may be about the course subjects.
What is the scope of your course?
The course I chose will open new horizons for me and there are high job prospects in multinational firms at local and international level and after i will achieved this degree it will give me great satisfaction in my educational life and enhanced my career.
Why are you taking this course?
Because this course is exactly related to my previous studies/ Experience
What is the course structure?
Tell the course subjects modules and semester all this information comes in the prospectus of your applied university/college so read the prospectus and memorised the subject and all the related information for your course
What are the course contents?
same question and almost the same answer as mentioned above.
Do you intend to work in UK after completion of your studies?
I am intending to join further education after this course
Note: if you got admission in B.S.c or equivalent programme then you can go further for masters programme and if the course is master then you can say whatever the further course mentioned in the prospects or you could say I would like to come back and work in my home country.
What do you intend to you after completion of your studies?
I will come back and will join any multinational firm
or start my own business.
What is you future plans?
To join any multinational firm or start my own business or further education
What benefit will bring this course to you?
After completion of this course, I will come back and join any reputed firm, which offer attractive packages. I will be leading in big job market, I am sure I will get an excellent job in any reputed firm otherwise I will start my own business.
How much money can you earn after your completion of studies?
30000-35000 per month approximately.
Where will you stay in UK?
I will stay in university/college hostel
Note: You should have got a letter from the university/college to address that they have hostel or private accommodation service.
Who is your sponsor?
You may sponsor your self or a attested letter from your parents/uncle/aunt or any person who is providing the financial support for your education
What proof do you have that your sponsor can support your studies?
It is the bank statement of your sponsor showing enough money in it such as 25-30 lack PAK rupees or equivalent to £20000-£30000.
Source of income of your sponsor?
The letter from the chamber of commerce that your sponsor got a company listed in the country or letter showing that he has a excellent job and earring its better to use a business company letter.
How are you related to him?
Your relationship to sponsor such this relation could be father/uncle/aunt/brother/
uncle can be from parental side of family or maternal side of the family.
How many people are his/her dependents?
Such as he/she got son/ daughter etc.
Note: if he/she got dependents you should prove that he/she can afford you with the dependents
Why is he sponsoring you? (if not father)
If he/she uncle or aunt from parental side or maternal side you should explain why he/she willing to sponsor such as your father or mother was so closed with your sponsor and they helped him/her when he/she was young and trying to establish business or you could say after your completion of degree you will be working with him/or her to take the business for next level by your new skills and expertise which you will get in U.K by studding.
Do you have any relative or friend in UK?
Yes if you have any one in U.K but better say Not really
What does your father do?
Tell him/her whatever is your father occupation
Note: if your father doing better job or business than your sponsor they can ask you why not your father sponsoring for your study......
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
Tell them about your brother/sister
Note: if it seems your family has too many people and no very established it my affect your case so explain them they have finished their studies and they are married and living with their family and doing job or business and they are well settled (if you have brother and sister elder then you if they are younger then you could tell about the education whatever they doing.
What is the course commencement date?
You should know about the course starting date and you should have enough time to join the course if not then a letter from the university/college that you can join th later semester if you miss this one.
What will be the total cost of per year?
The tuition fee and approximate living expenses this information written in the admission letter which you got from the university/college
What will you do during the off period/semester?
I will come back to see my family and friends
How much money is available for your stay in UK?
You should know the amount on the bank statement of your sponsor so you could tell how much money you have for your education.
Have you researched your career prospects?
Off course. I have planned to choose any reputed multinational firm where I could learn more and more. Second at that time possibly there will be competition in jobs, if I fail to get any good job then I have plan to start my own business.
Note:
this answer should match your previous answers
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